ASTM D6044-1996(2009) 废物和污染媒介管理用代表性取样的标准指南

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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforRepresentativeSamplingforManagementofWasteandContaminatedMedia
【原文标准名称】:废物和污染媒介管理用代表性取样的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMD6044-1996(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1996
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D34.01.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:bias;contaminatedmedia;precision;representative;sample;waste;wastemanagement;Compositesampling;Environmentalsampling/testing;Representativesampling;Samplingwastematerials/applications
【摘要】:Representativesamplesaredefinedinthecontextofthestudyobjectives.Thisguidedefinesthemeaningofarepresentativesample,aswellastheattributesthesample(s)needstohaveinordertoprovideavalidinferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation.Thisguidealsoprovidesaprocesstoidentifythesourcesoferror(bothsystematicandrandom)sothataneffortcanbemadetocontrolorminimizetheseerrors.Thesesourcesincludesamplingerror,measurementerror,andstatisticalbias.Whentheobjectiveislimitedtothetakingofarepresentative(physical)sampleorarepresentativesetof(physical)samples,onlypotentialsamplingerrorsneedtobeconsidered.Whentheobjectiveistomakeaninferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation,additionalmeasurementerrorandstatisticalbiasneedtobeconsidered.Thisguidedoesnotapplytothecaseswherethetakingofanonrepresentativesample(s)isprescribedbythestudyobjective.Inthatcase,samplingapproachessuchasjudgmentsamplingorbiasedsamplingcanbetaken.Theseapproachesarenotwithinthescopeofthisguide.Followingthisguidedoesnotguaranteethatrepresentativesampleswillbeobtained.Butfailuretofollowthisguidewilllikelyresultinobtainingsampledatathatareeitherbiasedorimprecise,orboth.Followingthisguideshouldincreasethelevelofconfidenceinmakingtheinferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation.ThisguidecanbeusedinconjunctionwiththeDQOprocess(seePracticeD5792).Thisguideisintendedforthosewhomanage,design,andimplementsamplingandanalyticalplansforwastemanagementandcontaminatedmedia.1.1Thisguidecoversthedefinitionofrepresentativenessinenvironmentalsampling,identifiessourcesthatcanaffectrepresentativeness(especiallybias),anddescribestheattributesthatarepresentativesampleorarepresentativesetofsamplesshouldpossess.Forconvenience,thetermx201C;representativesamplex201D;isusedinthisguidetodenotebotharepresentativesampleandarepresentativesetofsamples,unlessotherwisequalifiedinthetext.1.2Thisguideoutlinesaprocessbywhicharepresentativesamplemaybeobtainedfromapopulation.Thepurposeoftherepresentativesampleistoprovideinformationaboutastatisticalparameter(s)(suchasmean)ofthepopulationregardingsomecharacteristic(s)(suchasconcentration)ofitsconstituent(s)(suchaslead).Thisprocessincludesthefollowingstages:(1)minimizationofsamplingbiasandoptimizationofprecisionwhiletakingthephysicalsamples,(2)minimizationofmeasurementbiasandoptimizationofprecisionwhenanalyzingthephysicalsamplestoobtaindata,and(3)minimizationofstatisticalbiaswhenmakinginferencefromthesampledatatothepopulation.Whilebothbiasandprecisionarecoveredinthisguide,majoremphasisisgiventobiasreduction.1.3Thisguidedescribestheattributesofarepresentativesampleandpresentsageneralmethodologyforobtainingrepresentativesamples.Itdoesnot,however,providespecificorcomprehensivesamplingprocedures.Itistheuser''sresponsibilitytoensurethatproperandadequateproceduresareused.1.4Theassessmentoftherepresentativenessofasampleisnotcoveredinthisguidesinceitisnotpossibletoeverknowthetruevalueofthepopulation.1.5Sincethepurposeofeachsamplingeventisunique,thisguidedoesnotattempttogiveastepbystepaccountofhowtodevelopasamplingdesignthatresultsinthecollectionofrepresentativesamples.